Inside Asian Gaming
IAG SEP 2020年9月 亞博匯 47 CREDIT CRUNCH It was during these early days of junket rooms opening within STDM’s casinos that loan sharking became far more prolific. Prior to 2004, when Macau authorities introduced the first gaming credit law, it was illegal for STDM as the sole casino concessionaire to provide credit for the purposes of gambling, and so it fell to the Daa Maa Zai to arrange such deals with players directly. But problems quickly emerged. First of all, as more money was handed out to players on credit, debt collection became an increasing issue due to its lack of enforceability in mainland China. As Green explains, “The junkets themselves were reluctant to extend large volumes of credit because they had problems with collection, and upstream the casino operators weren’t particularly happy to fund them either, so the initial market that these guys were tapping into I would describe as an opportunistic market where people would come over the border, be met by some bloke who would say, ‘I’ve got a deal for you’, and he would sell them chips for cash. “If he knew them he might say, ‘Put it on tick, I’ll take something out of your cash chips and we’ll convert your initial winnings back into dead chips so I get my commission from the chief junket man,’ and so it went on. “It was almost like a pyramid selling scheme where the whole thing cascaded down to agents going in all directions.” Having so many agents competing for business became an even bigger problem for Macau itself, particularly as such dealings inevitably increased competition between the two main triads – 14K, led by Wan Kuok “Broken Tooth” Koi, and Shui Fong, led by 焦點關注 彩中介人操作方式大致相似的做法,最早是在1930年代萌芽,彼 時澳門當局授權泰興公司壟斷經營本地流行的博彩遊戲「番攤」。 為了吸引賭客到賭場來,泰興公司僱傭了賭客招攬人即所謂的「 掮客」(字面意思為「介紹客戶」),組織周邊地區的團體到訪澳門。 1962年,何鴻燊的澳門旅遊娛樂有限公司(「澳娛」),拿下澳 門的幸運博彩專營權,掮客隨即搖身一變成為何氏帝國的一個重 要業務收入來源。 及至1970年,隨著澳娛的標誌性物業葡京酒店的開業,博彩 中介人業務朝著今日的業態邁出了巨大的一步。當時被公認為 最為奢華的葡京酒店成為了澳娛的搖錢樹,吸引了越來越多的 香港客人使用澳娛旗下的輪渡服務跨海而來,穿越兩地之間66 公里的水域。這一現象同時引起了當地三合會的注意,他們通過 大量購入船票再以高價轉手賣給客人,擾亂了旅遊市場。這很快 造成這一局面:若不接受這些票販子的服務,則任何人都無法進 出澳門。 為了解決這日益嚴重的問題,何鴻燊提出一項新措施,如果 這些票販子停止購買船票,他即允許他們可以把玩家帶進他的賭 場。這項措施允許這些後來被稱為「疊碼仔」的人,可以向玩家出 售非現金籌碼(「泥碼」),一旦玩家在澳娛的賭枱上下注這些籌 碼,他們即可抽取0.7%佣金。類似的轉碼模式迄今仍是澳門賭場 招攬貴賓賭客的主要方式。 葡京娛樂場同時首次推出了專為博彩中介人使用的貴賓 廳。1974年,彼時澳門總督李安道(Garcia Leandro)在就職後對 澳門的博彩稅法進行了修訂,相較先前僅按年收取博彩專營費 用,他開始實行對博彩收入徵收新稅,因而何鴻燊不得不招募更 多的疊碼仔來增加收入。但僅僅是同時使用眾多疊碼仔,這本身 已經產生了許多問題。解決的方法就是為一些更有權勢、更值得 信賴的疊碼仔提供獨立專屬的貴賓廳,後者將負責一個更大的疊 碼仔團隊,並在其監管下運作。1986年,鑽石貴賓廳在葡京娛樂場 開業,它的成功為如今的澳門賭場及亞太地區內數百間由博彩中 介人運營的貴賓廳,奠定了基礎。 信貸危機 就在澳娛的賭場開放貴賓廳的早期,高利貸行為變得非常猖 獗。在2004年澳門當局出台第一部博彩信貸法之前,澳娛作為唯 一的賭場特許運營商,為賭博目的提供信貸是不合法的,因而直 接與玩家達成此類交易的任務就落在疊碼仔身上。 但是問題很快就出現了。隨著向玩家發放更多貸款,如何在 內地催收債款成為一個日益突出的問題,因為相關行為在內地無 法執行。 正如Green所解釋的:「博彩中介人本身不願意大量放貸,因 為他們在收款方面存在問題,而上游的賭場運營商也不太樂意為 他們提供資金,因而在我看來,這些人最初開拓的市場是一個機 會市場,人們會越過邊界,邀約一些傢伙並對他們說『我們來做個 交易』,然後把籌碼賣給他們獲取現金。」 「如果他認識這些人,他可能會說,『做個標記,這樣我會從
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